铸件配料实用技术（生铁锭与废钢铁）
发布时间：2020-05-27 10:04
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 18px;">一、生铁锭</span></strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 18px;"><br/></span></strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">生铁锭是熔制铸铁和铸钢的最主要金属炉料，约占配料重量的20%~100%，它的化 学成分是否稳定、硫磷含量和有害杂质含量是否低，直接关系到所熔制铸铁和铸钢的质 量。合理的选用生铁锭也是获得低成本配料的有效方法之一。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em;"><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">生铁锭可分为铸造生铁、球墨铸铁专用生铁、炼钢生铁、高纯生铁和特种生铁等，均有标准，见表2-1-1<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY2; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span>至表2-1-7。生产上常用生铁的化学成分和微量元素含量，见表2-1-8至表2-1-13。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em;"><br/></p><p><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYpE6Gw2axC8Xkpdl1QiatgJiczgbbFWZBV6DVuRMB5WkY2QS00nXC7yqgHsPU64AD1NMPVqqCOwtcQ/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYpE6Gw2axC8Xkpdl1QiatgJxp265yFAWew5BoHJI8jFZtadmnjQFoB6dLBeyKklOWJXsYExQoZEMw/640?wx_fmt=png"/><br/></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYpE6Gw2axC8Xkpdl1QiatgJHoJReTVRiaOdssBibTicNMnzciaW43rK8gzcYc4c5Ficf7Mt0AFgbOic6dQQ/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYpE6Gw2axC8Xkpdl1QiatgJy0mESLcZ2TziaIgsGMZe54aUCVzsPpjTyHtxTviccq9FDPRCAnZySM4g/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYpE6Gw2axC8Xkpdl1QiatgJ8dmWEX3ZKyhtDCMfmuuWy2TOFSFF4ibd1Q2XRWhibSbd0FUIBWFbHGJg/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><br/></section><section><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">通常： </span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">熔制灰铸铁时，应选用铸造生铁。硅的质量分数为2.0%~3.0%的铸造生铁可用于 熔制低牌号灰铸铁；硅的质量分数为1.2%~2.0%的铸造生铁可用于熔制高牌号灰铸铁。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">熔制球墨铸铁时，应选用球墨铸铁专用生铁，但也可选用低硅、低锰和低磷硫的铸造 生铁或炼钢生铁。对于要求特别高的球墨铸铁也可选用高纯生铁。球墨铸铁所用新生 铁的硅的质量分数一般在0.8%~1.75%的范围内选择。熔制大断面球墨铸铁件或铸态 铁索体球墨铸铁件时，生铁的锰含量希望低于0.3%，不应超过0.5%，越低越好；熔制珠 光体、贝氏体、退火铁索体球墨铸铁体时，生铁的锰的质量分数应小于 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY6;">0.6%</span>；熔制正火珠 光体球墨铸铁的中小型铸件时，生铁的锰的质量分数可适当放宽，一般也不要超过0.8%。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">对于低温下工作的铁素体韧性球墨铸铁件和其他要求韧性较高的球墨铸铁件， 应选用磷的质量分数小于0.07%的生铁。一般球墨铸铁件用生铁磷的质量分数不应大于0.1%；硫的质量分数应限制在0.05以下；反球化元素不得过量ωTe<0.01%、ωTi<0.3%、ωSn<0.09%、ωSb<0.2%、ωPb<0.2%、ωBi<0.05%。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">熔制蠕墨铸铁时，应参照熔制球墨铸铁的要求选用生铁。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">熔制可锻铸铁时，一般只加入10%左右的生铁量，主要是为了提高碳含量，因此含 磷、硫和铬低的铸造生铁、炼钢生铁和再生铁均能使用。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">熔制特种铸铁时，应尽量选用含相应元素高的铸造生铁或特种生铁。比如，熔制中硅耐热铸铁和高硅耐蚀铸铁时，就应选用硅的质量分数>2.8%以上的铸造生铁；熔制磷耐磨铸铁时，就应选用含磷高的铸造生铁；熔制矾钛铸铁时，就应选用含矾钛的特种生 铁；熔制火车和矿车车轮用铸铁时，就应选用冷铸车轮生铁。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">熔制铸钢时，应选用炼钢生铁，碳的质量分数不少于2.75%。电炉用生铁分为配料生铁及增碳生铁两种，配料生铁用碱性平炉炼钢生铁，增碳生铁用酸性转炉炼钢生铁。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 18px;">二、废铁</span></strong></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 18px;"><br/></span></strong></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">废铁是熔制铸铁的最主要金属炉料，同时也是配制铸钢的重要组成部分。从经济性考虑，希望配料中废铁部分的量尽可能多些。但从质量和质量控制考虑，则希望铸铁配料中废铁的量不要超过70%，这是因为：</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">（<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY9;">1</span>）购买的废铁大多较杂，成分难以掌握准确。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">（<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY9;">2）</span>在熔制灰铸铁时，如果炉料中夹杂有已氧化的耐热铸铁件废铁，则易使熔制的灰 铸铁件，特别是薄壁灰铸铁件变硬。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">（<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY9;">3</span>）在熔制可锻铸铁时，如果炉料中夹杂有含铬的废铁，则会严重延长退火周期，降 低熔制的可锻铸铁件的力学性能。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">（<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY9;">4</span>）废铁在冲天炉里重熔，易造成硫含量的增长，气体含量的饱和。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">废铁按化学成分分类，见表2-1-4。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;">废铁的化学成分，可参见表2-1-5。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICkeqWgwS2XoOc5bOxGcoFg2xiaPMsib4mkbnWS7fSf9iclzG3ic9bRaXuzA/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">废铁用于铸铁和铸钢熔制时应进行处理，要求如下：<br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">（<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY9; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">1</span>）经过处理后的废铁中不允许混有合金钢、铁合金及非铁金属等。供炼钢、化铁炉 使用的废铁内允许掺有重量不大于 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY9; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">)#</span>的碳素废钢。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">（<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY9; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">2</span>）废铁中不得混有两端封闭的管状物及其他封闭容器，废武器及危险品必须经过 安全处理。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICj9I06Fa6NV1Xl3WaBSAJ8VVfMozrp5rRibM0KB5tqibucLk8lbuOjEPw/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICJ8X045YyuhUpibFPfFjFGhHzn1YAqaJeW3VHeHocr4S72wP33pQACCA/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjIC5Z5hntfuW9rYZjcgFGAsaSKsKibrd5okdjb2byf19PyYFuZjia7qAWyw/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICewOSk7B8gzK54v2W5rjoYEfGNqooCDIicbAHv0zkk1KS0kWXbfiaNsaQ/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICepLMNosv8KKicdTVfMGQVQfaaGdzfgAnMYjVMKAPWkjyPtdIAd9Gfsg/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICjl7neaGz6l78eiaAK4FpkNDs5z7wLccW15BPaPyPcQoI9J9qAHSNrrw/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICxJF76r6Nc4sIhtNNe9UndN1a1Paic6Ol7X48aKOdPNicQnqFmdbXuFYw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"/></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICpMMxfVcHzic2a5JKVbz788tWOgOd4rpVcQuiavalP8a4qRrEBNR0lNVQ/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICpceFH4g7Y5uEicqUyicianlzOZIHA7uxyQZGwHCdcy1QsQ1mPgzvkdQtw/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICMG4LZG842vp7IxpobTwg0cWDib4lFZ7q6BMDbDaNBFMF5G7d7v0smtA/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjIC1MkiatUPIpuY81JibfLNBqgYZic3EgdtkXsx5Ox1xQLYBBUOO605yjaQA/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICbX2WYedZHmTEm1x21zr6ctUkUSoX9HTdRS7icKymWibhnzHWiaYzLfeTA/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICGiaLmG2UDSQ3ZBPNBSkAbibic2wzx8Mul0vCIAzOCibMYYMP15xqQDhcNA/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjIC4ybrQeckR7FGjeP1LhECaRRXVRfVWBavMxTPicA47ibuic6B4V0JcBHXw/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICicS2981BfjXbWSz0PHFzbSDxRHZB8CKSUexzmq1l8lBoZmr3yNKxMaw/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICcS710jPOvMaBuQlUwu35coVdCeRtPcjE7vLDo5oZv1FGzUVoPd0mhw/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjIC3DEicMicwnSg2KVOWLvQJoSyGVBq0w5qzSBJDhLEib2K8wqR3R8icXVhxw/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICticicUZ3FD5Hvh8c3nJQOrWoiaAibHD7w9gbpKZJkfSQtqjqJggMDibHmZw/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICzaJeJlEj1NIPDv7wYRia8A25Ltf4rdC0CWCSTwZ9w3r9AskoCRMNicfw/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICIebb6cU0h5NpEP2ib8uOX8r63nxicLeYDFHdv39E5jmeSJ1ictEATtV5A/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICrYCrBJVvcZtbw0n6DJQd1ribQuehKlCQV4h1Q1HvRF2tX4nqQlf20QQ/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">（<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY26; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">3</span>）废铁的外廓尺寸及单重限度可根据炉别规定，见表2-1-16。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICk79SKYShHoxydzxQpfM8R8Wt9NDxTaWWb0NSKmWrttOkwfM0N1cJgg/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICa1e8icALRJmIEfBxsicAHplXjycgx4M0zWicZ0OQ5LF3Ncnrd6SL1libPw/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);">三、废钢（钢屑）</span></strong></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><br/></span></strong></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">废钢是冶炼铸钢的最主要金属炉料，同时也是配制铸铁的重要组成部分。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">根据国家标准（<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY27;">GB/T 4223-96</span>），用作炼钢和铸铁炉料的碳素废钢包括普通碳素钢、 优质碳素结构钢、碳素工具钢和碳素弹簧钢等，按废钢的外形尺寸及单重分为六类，见表 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY27; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">2-1-17</span>。碳素废钢和废钢屑的化学成分可参见表2-1-18。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">根据国家标准（<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY27;">GB/T 4223-96</span>），对炼钢及铸钢作为炉料使用的回炉合金废钢及其 合金渣料和合金钢屑等的分类和分组，见表2-1-19<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY27; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span>和表2-1-20。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICHZ7AjJbvyia2BVLNSiaibIGJXwic5AmXb9fQaOzm1B0Fg6Roq6lVO1M5icA/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICLXSAg8LM6jA0uCWibBeDrUpBkYr8hoNJ0hw365PS3zsY5bgPzIpK1Og/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICv0lsiaqfNWuSaaBXNQEbfHIj1VOGtExgLglb2Q0icpiaMjic2c1fUictmicA/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjIC5dVIEEDenica2cp6uKwtYGnH3ibXaCjuMZJndHXk7yaaF6rn9vocDMpA/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjIChjMuIxalZTLw3BGtnSICvwT8AstjbJx5QSf2gJCPV7wTpykh41VFzQ/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICSSH5YtXTh6H5Zibiag9Qecqv1s6jiagicK1vrSwneWYLoOZm9fwaIOJWyQ/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICOrGlHZzjf1AorPsZ3PDUb5ibgGQ62icqjcCuiaMrxnOCTAOv1ibL7Yv2hQ/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICPRgbYxWvWGBMBibyZYA8g51ovhqVFQ4h8UNvyIgYdECia3zZHdEjaDJw/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICmYys7t3NCVo0zzNCS2dKlJw0VKTrGGXF1ZKwiciaRdXqtricO1vYHhiahw/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICqYd78ydakC8jEZMDzWtXBx7AStKexo6dyp2M97ACd5REGl7ndRKrDw/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICS0wCsmBSJUA9M5Dcjn8QyTVR6OoticFl8uKc6z7xic9B2l6zS7EPV1lA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICoCeib5OINB4q42Sib81Dds5zFoW76orOHeGvrZBCDP7LhkteQsXicQTYg/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjIC014iaZ3CHfz5dwIIJ2RTnbtEpMy3libILSxRoqGiaSH68Whdib2p2LN8rA/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjIC0w0RpHb4T6icD3eyAW50gDEwIfFaDC6qnroibLZtic2hZoOp4brBlDKPQ/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjIC0Ps4QT1iczE2AdSmI95NhdRlBlXCfAfbbVkp3cadUVr2KQibDDx5yXzg/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICzY508zf5mRQrStibE6WdzTbePnS3ic6g8ibKfxpicMC6ImVQG6hzZ8yiaibg/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICxCzlxXrtbMa63iaAHY6v70K5LNg2msufDWqgKegDKzzcqgXZeU4P9ibw/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICia28ic2DHU5pFaz7ibR8bPxtDiczxsiaJT4c6iaNs93rpwgqvWOvldGl9SWg/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjIC7zJdSAic3nCg5O7RwujgRl5zzyzk6giczoj7pVVPgIcNVeyPG4MjWwLQ/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICQrL6IT3pVtHK8YW5Pa3xkeIpicc8Hz03g7fokZvHJaibZdOu8PcMNm7Q/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">通常：</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">（<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY43; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">1</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">）回炉碳素废钢主要用于电炉、平炉炼钢及熔炼高牌号铸铁，其主要技术要求是：①经过处理的碳素废钢中不允许混有合金钢、生铁和合金生铁、铁合金及非铁金属等，并</span>应将表面的泥砂、油污等尽量清除；<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY44;">②</span>应将废钢中两端封闭的管状物及封闭器皿、易燃或爆炸物及毒品等分别处理和清除；<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY44;">③</span>废钢的硫磷的质量分数均不得大于 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY43;">0.08%</span>；<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY44;">④</span>渣钢 中钢的质量分数应大于 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY43; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">80%</span>（按体积估计算）；<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY44;">⑤</span>废武器应经安全处理；<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY44;">⑥</span>电炉用碳素废钢成分要求见表2-1-21。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">（<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY43; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">2</span>）合金废钢主要用于冶炼合金钢，其主要技术要求是：<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY44;">①</span>经过处理后的合金废钢中不允许混有碳素废钢、生铁、合金生铁、铁合金及有色金属等，并应将表面的泥块、水泥、 油污、橡胶、珐琅及粘砂等尽量清除，且不准有严重锈蚀；②应将合金废钢中两端封闭的<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">管状物和其他封闭容器、易燃或爆炸物及毒品等分别处理和清除，如属废武器、爆炸、易燃物及毒品应作安全检查处理；<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY45;">③</span>合金渣钢的钢的质量分数应大于80%；<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY45;">④</span>合金废钢的 化学成分可按GB 223<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY46;"> </span>或采用看谱、火花等方法进行分析。</span></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjIChBvYaIhmmGDz3dosA47PW92X5vDkYicf5jp8bhPhjZZrYq5Y3sJKQsA/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">（<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY46; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">3</span>）碳素废钢和合金废钢的入炉块度应按冶炼方法确定：<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY45;">①</span>采用电炉冶炼时，为了使电炉操作顺利进行，最好有合适的废钢块度（见表2-1-22），轻、中、重型的废钢有合适 的装炉比例，且最大块的料每炉不能装得过多，例如废钢锭每炉只能装 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY46; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">1~2 </span>根；<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY45;">②</span>采用氧气顶吹转炉冶炼时，加入的废钢尺寸和单重应以入炉方便和充分熔化为原则，废钢最大边长应<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY48;">≤0.5</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY46; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span>倍转炉炉口直径，30t<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY46; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span>转炉规定最大不超过300kg。<br/></span></section><section><br/></section><section><img class="rich_pages" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TCIDp9rFWaYSwa6LMgiblEZ4cSP6DEjICTrxJiaia6K6iatqvz7W1esXBTxHl1yJfibNT6gtg4mic6wibtibVAsWW1EBkA/640?wx_fmt=png"/></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">（<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY46; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">4</span>）在铸铁配料中加入废钢主要是用以调整原铁液的碳量，并改变生铁的遗传性。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">用冲天炉熔制铸铁时，加入废钢有增碳现象，通常：<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY45;">①</span>灰铸铁中的废钢加入质量分数 约为配料中的0~65%，废钢加入量愈多，铁液中的磷含量就愈低，铸件的力学性能就愈高，不重要的铸件可不加废钢；<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY45;">②</span>球墨铸铁和蠕墨铸铁中的废钢加入量不宜多，一般在15%（质量分数）以下，因为球墨铸铁和蠕墨铸铁要求高碳，且废钢不应含反球化元素以 及容易产生偏析和碳化物的合金元素；<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY45;">③</span>可锻铸铁中的废钢加入量较大，约为70%~95%（质量分数），因为可锻铸铁要求低碳，此外废钢的铬的质量分数必须严格控制，应<0.06%；④为防止铁液氧化过甚，厚度<3mm、重量<0.3kg<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: DY46; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">;</span>的废钢不宜在冲天炉中使用； <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: DY45;">⑤</span>以废钢屑代废钢时，应压块使用。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">用反射炉熔制铸铁时，碳大量烧损，废钢加入量要比冲天炉熔制时要少。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px;">用电炉熔制铸铁时，可考虑全部用废钢或废钢屑熔制，但废钢屑应压协，废钢表面不应沾有油污，必要时可经800~1100℃焙烧处理。</span></section></p><p><br/></p>
