PAG 水溶性淬火介质的使用
发布时间：2020-04-22 10:27
<section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); font-size: 18px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">1.序言</strong></span></section><p><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"><br/></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">PAG 是英文名称的缩写，在英文中 PAG 有三种写法。由于中文译名的混乱，尤其译为聚乙二醇更为不规范，由于在中文中已有聚乙二醇(PEG)。所以不如干脆译为 PAG。PAG 是聚氧化乙烯和聚氧化丙烯的共聚物。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">调整两者的比例，可以得到 70-88℃的逆溶点。逆溶现象指的是：随温度的上升，溶解度下降，所以称为逆溶。到达某一温度时溶质开始从溶液中析出，该温度称为逆溶点。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">由于逆溶性的存在，工件在淬火时，经过蒸汽膜阶段，沸腾阶段后，工件四周的液体温度高于逆溶点，PAG 析出并在工件表面形成一个 PAG 的溶质膜。PAG 的浓度越高，则该膜就越厚，溶液从工件脱热的能力就越差。这就是 PAG 降低低温区冷却能力的机理。即控制 PAG 的浓度就可以控制 PAG 溶质膜的厚度，从而可以得到比较理想的低温区冷却能力。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">逆溶点与浊点不同。作为淬火介质看重的是：当溶液的温度降到逆溶点时，析出的溶质应立即溶回溶液，这对于减少 PAG 的带出量，对稳定淬火介质的冷却能力有着重要的意义。有很多高分子化合物的水溶液，都有浊点。当它们的水溶液的温度下降到浊点时，溶质不会立即溶回溶液，只有温度下降很多之后，才能溶回溶液。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); font-size: 18px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">2.PAG 淬火介质的优点</strong></span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">PAG 淬火介质与传统的水和油相比较，有很多优点，它们是：</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">1)PAG 工作液与水相同，它们不燃烧，无火灾隐患。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">2)PAG 工作液与油不同，淬火时无烟雾，无毒，有利于操纵者身体健康。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">地面无油污，使得工作环境更清洁，舒适。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">3)淬火油的运动粘度(40℃)为 15-40mm2/s，而 PAG 工作液的运动粘度。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">(40℃)仅为 </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">1-5mm²/s，因此，用 PAG 淬火时带出量小得多，降低了运行本钱。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 4)工件在 PAG 中淬火后，极易清洗，即使不清洗回火，也没有烟雾。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 5)在高分子化合物中，PAG 溶液的折光率高，因此采用折光仪轻易检测它的</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">浓度，保持稳定的冷却能力。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 6)通过对浓度，温度和搅拌程度的控制，可以使 PAG 得到从水到油的不同的</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">冷却能力。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">7)采用 PAG，设备上没有积碳，油泥等，易于设备的维修。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); font-size: 18px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">3. PAG 淬火介质的缺点</strong></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 1)PAG 对温度比油敏感，使用温度范围窄，通常为 20-50℃。要求有足够的</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">冷却能力，尤其是在夏天，在南方。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">2)PAG 对浓度比较敏感，使用浓度范围窄，通常为±1%。要求经常地检测工</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">作液的浓度，并且定期校对浓度系数。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 3)PAG 对搅拌程度要求比较严格，也就是说，在工件淬火区域内的搅拌程度</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">该保持一致，既足够强烈的搅拌和足够均匀的搅拌。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">以保证温度的均匀性，浓度的均匀性和冷却的均匀性。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">大多数的淬火事故，都来自搅拌的不均匀。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 4)PAG 与油比较它更易于污染，需要更精心的维护。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">4. 选用 PAG 的理由</span></strong></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></strong></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">1)从工艺上考虑。用水淬火畸变过大甚至开裂，用超速淬火油又淬不上火，</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">这时必须考虑采用 PAG。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 2)从环保上考虑。为了不污染环境，有益于操纵者身体健康，应该考虑采用</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">PAG。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 3)从能源上考虑。石油资源再有几十年就会枯竭，PAG 是目前较好的代用品。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 4)从本钱上考虑。采用 5-15%的 PAG 代油仅是油的 1/6-1/2 用度。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> PAG 和淬火油冷却性能的对比(典型冷却性能数据)</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> 5.1.国家石化行标 SH/T0220 测试</strong></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">按照日本通行的惯例， 水溶性淬火介质 400-150℃均匀冷却速度在100℃/s 左右，即可用来代油。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">国家石化行标 SH/T0220 和 ISO-9950.(国际标准)JB/T7951-2004都是热处理油的测试标准，用来测试水基淬火介质不十分适用，但目前仍在借用。比较而言，采用 ISO-9950.(国际标准)JB/T7951-2004(机械行标)稍好一些。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> </strong></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">5.2.ISO-9950.(国际标准)即 JB/T7951-2004(机械行标)测试</strong></span></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 5-20%PAG 、水、 32 号机械油、 快速淬火油和超速淬火油按照ISO-9950.(国际标准)即 JB/T7951-2004(机械行标)测试的冷却性能。按照国际通用惯例，水溶性</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">淬火</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">介质 300℃冷却速度为水的一半即可用来代油。ISO-9950.(国际标准)即 JB/T7951-2004(机械行标)是在静止的条件下测试的冷却性能，而实际淬火中都有搅拌。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">6.PAG 适用范围</strong></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">PAG 适用于下列炉型：空气气氛炉、保护气氛炉、渗碳炉、碳氮共渗炉、感应加热炉以及活动粒子炉。可用于整体淬火和感应淬火，不推荐用于盐浴炉，尤其是含钡的盐浴炉。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">PAG 适用于水淬火的钢和大多数用油淬火的合金钢，但不推荐用于高速钢等合金量很高的钢种。选用浓度的基本因素是工件和设备。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> 1)工件因素</strong></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 材质：中碳结构钢：5-10%</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 高碳结构钢：10-15%</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 合金钢：15-25%</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 尺寸：小尺寸选用稍高的浓度，大尺寸选用稍低的浓度。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 外形：复杂外形选用稍高的浓度，简单外形选用稍低的浓度。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 硬度要求：要求硬度高选用稍低的浓度，要求硬度低选用稍高的浓度。</span></p><p><section><br/></section><section><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 2)设备因素</span></strong></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 淬火批量：周期炉一次批量大或连续炉单位时间淬火量大，选用稍低的浓度;</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">周</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">期炉一次批量小或连续炉单位时间淬火量小，选用稍高的浓度。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 搅拌程度：搅拌程度高，选用稍高的浓度：搅拌程度低，选用稍低的浓度。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 温度控制：工作液温度高，选用稍低的浓度;运行温度低，选用稍高的浓度。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 浓度的控制</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> 7.1.工作液的配制</strong></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></strong></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">推荐使用自来水配制 PAG 工作液。地下水或其它水源的硬度可能偏高，这会</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">降低工作液的有效浓度。算出所需的 PAG 总量，放进淬火槽中，加进所需要的水，开启搅拌至均匀后，测定浓度达标后即可使用。假如尚未达标，可微调后使用。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">7.2.浓度的测定和控制</strong></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 7.2.1.折光仪测定</span></strong></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">采用手持糖度折光仪测定 BX 值，乘以浓度系数 2.5，得到工作液的百分比浓度。首先，用配制工作液的自来水(室温)将折光仪的 BX 值校准为零(“0”)。然后，测定工作液(室温)的 BX 值。留意，每一次测试之后，要用自来水冲洗到玻璃和盖板上没有残留的工作液，用脱脂棉将它们擦干后，进行下一次的测试。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 一般选用 BX 值为 0-10 或 0-15 的折光仪，分辨度应为 0.2BX，最好为</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">0.1BX。工作液受到污染后，BX 值可能增加，这时测试到的浓度比实际浓度要高，浓度系数应该向小的方向修正。可以用运动粘度的方法加以修正。或者用冷却性能测试方法加以修正。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 7.2.2.用运动粘度测定浓度</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 由于工作液的污染不影响运动粘度，因此可以用运动粘度来修正浓度系数。通常工作液服役一段时间后(一般二、三个月)就应该作一次修正。客户可以在当地石油部分测定最初工作液的运动粘度(40℃)以及服役后的运动粘(40℃)，参照BX 值即可确定修正后的浓度系数。也可以交给供给商测定。还可以从供给商提供的运动粘度/浓度表和图查出工作液的实际浓度，求出修正后的浓度系数。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 7.2.3.用冷却性能测定浓度</span></strong></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 对照工作液服役前后的冷却性能，参考表 3 和表 4，确定现役工作液的实际浓度，求出修正系数。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 7.2.4.用硬度法确定修正系数</span></strong></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">根据自身的工艺条件，选定标准试样的材质和尺寸。根据工作液服役前后标准</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">试样的硬度或硬度 U 曲线来修正浓度系数。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">工件本身的硬度变化也是修正浓度系数的根据。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 7.2.5.选定浓度的工艺试验</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"></span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">假如是第一次选用水溶性淬火介质，这个试验是非常必要的和非常重要的。仅供参考的建议是：首选的浓度为 5%，用于中碳结构钢;首选的浓度10%，用于其它钢材。首次淬火后，假如硬度偏低，应该加水降低浓度，进步冷却能力，直至找到合适的浓度;假如出现过大的畸变甚至开裂，则应进步浓度，再试，直至找到合适的浓度。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">有时还要对工件的加热规范和冷却规范作适当的调整。在进行工艺试验时，要特别留意到温度和搅拌。为了使某个浓度适用于多种钢材和工件，有必要对工艺进行调整。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 7.2.6.浓度范围的控制</span></strong></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">采用折光仪监测工作液，浓度波动应该控制在±0.5%范围内，即±0.2BX。当发现偏差时应该及时加水或加 JB-W4，调整到预定的数值。工作液长期服役后应该及时按照上述方法修正浓度系数。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 温度的控制</span></strong></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">JB-W4 使用温度通常控制在 20-50℃。温度下降会进步冷却能力。为了获得均匀的冷却能力，温度应该控制在较窄的范围。例如，30±10℃，35±10℃， 40±10℃。温度范围主要取决于浓度，硬度要求和搅拌程度。对于相同的硬度， 浓度高则温度可稍低，搅拌程度稍大;浓度低则温度可稍高，搅拌程度稍小。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"><br/></span></section><section><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 搅拌的控制</span></strong></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 搅拌可以使工作液各处的温度和浓度均匀一致，使不同部位的工件获得均匀一致的冷却效果。搅拌还可以减缓工作液的变质速度。搅拌可以破坏蒸汽膜而提前进进沸腾阶段，进步高温区的冷却能力，对低温区的冷却能力影响不大。螺施桨优于水泵搅拌，不推荐气泵搅拌。气泵可能引进气，产生软点或软带。</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> </span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 要经常监测工作液的不溶物的含量，定期或不定期的将它们清除出往，不能让它们影响搅拌的正常进行。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">最近几年来，PAG 广泛用于制钉行业的网带炉。由于一般的网带炉都是为</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">淬火油设计的，所以改为 PAG 时，要特别关注淬火工件落料槽的冷却能力。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">工作液的搅拌系统或循环系统，对落料槽包裹着的工作液的影响不大，这部分工作液可能由于搅拌效果不好而过热，降低了落料槽内工作液的冷却能力，会出现个别的蓝色软钉。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">必要时，在工作液中的落料槽四壁上布满足够的孔，增加搅拌的效果。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">假如仍有蓝色软钉出现，可以增加一部水泵直接打进落料槽内。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">工作液的污染</span></strong></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">油类的污染：工厂用油尽大多数(乳化油除外)不溶于水，而且浮于水面，原</span></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">则上不影响冷却能力。但是在从上面提取样品中会含有油，它会增加 BX 值。最好用烧杯提取样品，将油倒掉后再测试 BX 值。假如工件携带的油含有乳化剂，引起了工作液乳化，应该先将工件清洗。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">作为碳氢化合物的油，是微生物的营养，易于造成工作液的腐败，应该及时</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">加以清除。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">可以用簸箕将其撇往，或用旧报纸将其吸除。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">不溶固体颗粒：</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">主要是氧化皮，碳黑，灰尘等。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">只要它们不影响正常的搅拌或循环，就不影响冷却能力。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">悬浮在工作液中的固体颗粒会增加 BX 值。</span></section><section><br/></section><section><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">过多的固体颗粒会堵塞喷射孔和管路。大量的沉渣应该定期从底部捞走，悬浮的固体颗粒应该用过滤器除往。可溶性物质：由于添加的水都含有金属离子，它们在水蒸发后富集于工作液中，影响冷却能力，增加 BX 值。另外混进的 NaC1，Na2CO3NaOH 等都影响冷却能力，增加 BX 值。因此应该尽量避免可溶性盐和碱的混进。</span></section></p><p><br/></p>
